♦ The European Commission proposed a new joint EU borrowing of 150 billion euros ($157.76 billion) to lend to EU governments for defence as part of an overall 800 billion total financing effort to boost Europe’s defence capabilities on 4 March 2025.

♦ The 150 billion euros of new joint borrowing is to go towards building pan-European capability domains like air and missile defence, artillery systems, missiles and ammunition, drones and anti-drone systems or to address other needs from cyber to military mobility.